Debate over whether or not there is God - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1814 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/07/26 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Existence of God Essay Did you like this example? Throughout time there has always been debate over whether or not there is God, and philosophers have been avid participants in this debate. From ancient Greece to modern times there have always been philosophers who seek to prove the existence of God; from Plato, to Aquinas, to Kant, this is an issue that is continually addressed through the ages. Whether or not there is a God is very significant to the world because it provides a deeper reason behind the cogs that form the universe, and implies that there is more to the world than simply the material things that can be physically experienced. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Debate over whether or not there is God" essay for you Create order The existence of a God is also crucial to religions all around the globe, so the possibility to prove that there is a God outside of the context of the religions various texts is invaluable when it comes to debating in a secular forum. For all these reasons it must be asked if God exists, and if so, how can it be proven through the lens of philosophy? Firstly, there is proving the existence of God cosmologically, that is through viewing the cosmos and nature. Plato addresses it this way in his Laws in book ten. Plato states, In the first place, the earth and the sun and the stars and the universe, and the fair order of the senses, and the division of them into years and months, furnish proofs of [the gods] existence (Hick 72). This shows his belief that there must be some outside source that created the world in such and orderly way. He also addresses the fact that there must be some source for movement in the universe as it is not possible for movement to exist without something initially causing it. He believes that this initial cause is a God (Hick 72). Additionally, Plato says, Then theres the fact that all Greeks and barbarians believe the gods exist (Plato 281). This once again shows that there must be something that created the world so that everyone shares this innate belief. The other philosopher who deals with the existence of God cosmologically is Thomas Aquinas. He addresses it in his Five Ways. The first way is the argument from motion, which states that there must be some unmoved mover that began all the motion in the universe (Theological thought 25). The second is that of cause, based on the idea that to take away the cause is to take away the effect (Theological thought 26). This argument posits that God is the uncaused causer who is at the beginning of the continual chain of cause and effect and who has was not caused by something else but rather has simply always existed (Theological thought 26). Way three is that there must be something that has always existed that put everything else into existence. The fourth way the argument of the highest degree, meaning that there must be something that is the maximum against which everything else can be based (Theological thought 26). The last way is that of the final goal, which states that there must b e something that is guiding the world towards an end goal (Theological thought 27). Aquinas states, Therefore some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end (Theological thought 27). Through these Five Ways, Aquinas explains the various reason that there must be a God due to the way in which the world functions. However, the cosmological arguments are not above reproach. Many have questioned whether or not the physical world even exists. If this world does not exist as we perceive it to exist, how can views about the existence of a God be based upon it? Additionally, even if this world does exist, can it be determined that the world exists as we perceive it? It is impossible to empirically determine whether or not the worlds nature is physical, and thus no concrete conclusions can be based upon a world that we cannot even prove. The cosmological arguments assume that the senses can be trusted, but it has been shown that senses can lie meaning this is not something on which arguments can be firmly founded. Thus, although the cosmological arguments are logical and clear, it is impossible to use it as undeniable proof for the existence of God. The next way in which philosophers have tried to prove the existence of God is ontologically. This method is based purely on reason, without any other outside information, such as how the world or its inhabitants function. Anselm is specifically well known for his ontological argument. It is based on the idea that the definition of God is that, than which nothing great can be conceived (Anselm 8). This means that the greatest, most powerful, and awesome thing that can be thought of is God. He then continues by positing that that which is thought of in a state of existence is inherently better than that which is thought not to exist (Anselm 8). Based on this concept, because God is the greatest thing that can be conceived and that which is conceived to exists is greater than that which is conceived not to exist, it follows that God must exist (Anselm 9). Thus God is theoretically proved without bringing into account any spiritual revelations or texts, or even using any physical eviden ce such as that which is used in the cosmological arguments. Nonetheless, this argument is by no means flawless or fully accepted by the world, or even philosophers. The definition for God is simply not widely agreed upon and is completely arbitrary, without any basis in fact. Without the definition being secure, it becomes exceedingly difficult to place any weight on Anselms argument. Due to the entire argument hinging solely on the definition that God is the greatest thing that can be conceived, if the definition is not stable, the entire argument completely falls apart. Additionally, because this argument is based completely on reason it must asked if human thought is even a source that can be trusted. All human thought can not be determined to definitively be true or false, thus it cannot be viewed as infallible. Without empirical evidence, this argument can never be proven. The last category is that of the moral arguments for the existence of God. C. S. Lewis forms his argument for the existence of God based on human morality and its consistency. He states that there is a consistent sense of morality that is present in every culture across the globe. Every human knows that there is a specific way they should act and treat others, but every human does not follows these unofficial universal moral guidelines (Lewis 16). This overarching innate feeling, which he calls the Law of Human Nature, leads to Lewis stating that it must come from some higher power, as he says, The Law of Human Nature, or of Right and Wrong, must be something above and beyond the actual facts (Lewis 21). Lewis believes that this is A real law which we did not invent and which we know we ought to obey (Lewis 21). In order for this concept to have so thoroughly inundated out reality, it must have been place into the minds of humanity by a higher power who desires the world to behave in a certain way (Lewis 29). There is something out there, which Lewis assumes is a God that desires humanity to understand that there is good and evil in the world and that there is a right and wrong way for people to act as they live their lives. This leads to the idea that there must be something that is directing and controlling the universe, and especially humanity, to an end goal, a god of some sort, although what type of god that is is not something that can be determined simply by examining the nature and presence of human morality and its origin. Lewis is clear that he does not believe that this argument can actually lead to a specific God, such as that of Christianity, but rather simply the general idea that there is some sort of divine power (Lewis 25). Kant also approached the existence of God via morality, but from a slightly different angle. He posits that the consistent morality of pure reason stems from a supposition that God exists (Hick 138). Kant believes that there must be an author to the intelligence and will that humanity possesses and thus states that God is the author that is the cause of nature by intelligence and will (Hick 139). Kant also discusses that there must be a cause for happiness existing in the world, and he once again states that this happiness must come from a higher power which he believes is God (Hick 138). This belief that happiness comes from God is tied to the supposition that happiness is when everything is going according to highest moral goal. In Kants opinion this moral goal must exist and must come from a higher power for it to truly exist, and thus he posits that there must be a God. With all the prevalence and consistency of morality however, it is still possible that the morality that is found in human culture is still simply a social construct. With all humanity stemming from a few original humans, it is possible that morality was created and then simply passed down. Thus the differences can be explained morality, as there are differences in how cultures approach problems such as murder and how they define the specifics of what is right and wrong. The consistency of morality is impossible to prove, thus making it impossible to prove that God exists based simply on the morality that we find across the globe. Without being able to go back in time and see the original humans, humanity cannot prove whether or nor morality was created and implemented by humans or by God. With all the historical background of this issue of the existence of God, it is not surprising that the results are still inconclusive. It has yet to be proven from a philosophical standpoint whether or not their is a God, and the surface of that nature of said hypothetical God has in no way been begun to be understood by using only reason and the natural world. For every argument that agrees with the existence of God, there is an argument that posits that the exact opposite is true. The fact that God cannot be proven via philosophy means that all religions that believe is some sort of a God are forced to use their own divine revelations or texts in order to try to prove their Gods existence. The world is left to wonder the if their is truly meaning behind the way the world is formed and the way that humanity acts, or if it is all simply a mysterious and lucky accident that there is even a world at all.

Socialization Into The Nursing Practice - 1528 Words

Victorine Bekesi Bowie State University School of Professional Studies Socialization into the Nursing Practice Nursing 425 Being a new graduate with a bachelor degree in nursing is the most exciting thing everyone would need to have in life. As a new graduate, there are so many challenges as the nurse is try to familiarize themselves into the role and responsibilities of the clinical practice. These challenges include the many stressful demands of the profession which does not only involve the nursing practice and patient care but also the socialization of formal and informal hospital orders and their regulations. In addition to this, the new graduate lack of knowledge and clinical experience actually makes it overwhelming. Although the new graduate nurse has the qualification that requires them to practice as register nurses, they still feel much unprepared for the expectations and demands of their new role. In order to increase comfort and facilitate my socialization into this new profession, the method to do this includes making effort to learn and practice many skills now in school. Also having the c onfident to ask questions of what I do not understand from the seniors who have been there for a long time will help to make socialization into the new role as a graduate nurse easy (Feng Show MoreRelatedNursing Is An Ever Changing Field1238 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no doubt that nursing is an ever changing field. Although nursing always has been about caring for others, at the present time, this field is more sophisticated and respected than in the past. Currently, there are standards of nursing practice and professional performance developed by the American Nurses Association (ANA) for American nurses to follow. However, there is some controversy about whether nursing is a profession or not. Also, in order to learn these standards as well as otherRead MoreThe Role Of Professional Socialization During The Transition Period1686 Words   |  7 PagesProfessional socialization occurs when individuals are exposed to different socialization agents including clients, peers, fa culty, healthcare professionals and family. The process of professional socialization is aimed at allowing individuals to communicate successfully. Students get the opportunity to learn diverse experiences by interacting with the agents, and this facilitates professional development. New graduate nurses have high turnover rates due to the gap in theory and practice and realityRead MoreProfessional Socialization : Professional Motivation1172 Words   |  5 PagesProfessional Socialization is defined as a process where individuals form the characteristics, attitudes and values of a particular profession (Lai PK, Pek HL). In the nursing field, professional socialization is a necessary step involving the LPN/LVN into their new RN role by assisting them with the internalization and development of their new professional identity. (Ellis Hartley. 2011) However, transitioning into this new role can be a complex and challenging multi-faced process (Boychuk DuchscherRead MoreEssay Professio nal Socialization681 Words   |  3 Pages| Professional Socialization | LaTonya Jefferson NUR/391 Henny Breen July 5,2010 | | | | | What is Professional Socialization? Professional Socialization is defined as the process by which individuals acquire the specializedRead MoreSocialization Into Nursing1131 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper is about the socialization of nursing, which includes the internalization of the attitudes and values of the role. The importance of role modeling the applied behaviors and skills through preceptor experiences to aid the new nurse is discussed. The importance of the socialization process and its impact on staff recruitment and retention is touched on. The author also shares her experience upon entry to the nursing profession and how it helped her socialization. â€Æ' According to CreasiaRead MoreEssay on Week 3 NR351 Discussion697 Words   |  3 Pagesprogram, you are again going through a period of socialization or transformation. As you learn more about the roles of the BSN-prepared nurse, how can you use other nurses with BSNs and higher degrees to help you in your socialization or transformation? What factors are most important as you become socialized as a BSN student? What are your resources in this process? How can this process be most effective? According to the lesson, socialization is the interactive process of developing an identityRead MoreNursing Socialization Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesSocialization into Nursing Kimberly Grazier Winston Salem State University Abstract In this paper you will learn about socialization of nursing and the important role that it plays in staff retention. The goal of business’s that employee nurses are to not only retain staff but to keep them happy and satisfied as well. I have included several examples of how to do this. I have also included examples of the attitudes and values of a well socialized nurse and how this affects not only the nurseRead MoreThe Standards Of Nursing Practice1464 Words   |  6 PagesStandards in nursing practice involve a myriad of collaborated and approved beliefs with each as important as the other. To achieve the goals that are set when providing healthcare, it requires a comprehensive mindset, a positive outlook, and participation with a team that supports and encourages quality collaboration effort with others to reach the goals. Collaboration is the standard of nursing that I have chosen to write about. Collaboration means to work together with others to effect a changeRead M oreGoals Of Professional Socialization785 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional socialization has four goals: (1) to learn the technology of the profession- the facts, skills, and theory, (2) to learn to internalize the professional culture, (3) to find a personally and professionally acceptable version of the role, and (4) to integrate this professional role into all of the other life roles (Masters, p. 174). In the first goal, it is our duty to stay in touch with advancing technology. This advancement allows more efficient and precise diagnostics. We are learningRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Nursing Education1333 Words   |  6 PagesMy philosophy of nursing education develops out of my philosophy of nursing. They are woven together as I am both a nurse and educator. I don t desire to be one without the other; and, I trust the two together are much more grounded than either one alone. My philosophy of nursing is based off the four concepts of nursing. The four concepts of nursing are person, health, nursing, and environment. My own philosophy of teaching is a result of numerous impacts including background, guideline, a merging

Can You Find Me Now Free Essays

How is a Nintendo Wii game console able to determine the location of a Wii Remote while a player interacts with a game? The answer is triangulation, a process that determines the location of any object by measuring the angles from two or more fixed points. Surveyors often use triangulation to measure distance. Starting at a known location and elevation, surveyors measure a length to create a base line and then use a theodolite to measure an angle to an unknown pint from each side of the base line (Jains, 2012, pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Can You Find Me Now or any similar topic only for you Order Now 30-48). The length of the base line and the two known angles allow a computer or person to determine the location of a third point. Similarly, the Nintendo Wii game console uses triangulation to determine the location of a Wii Remote. A player places a sensor bar, which contains two infrared transmitters, near or on top of a television. While the player uses the Wii Remote, the Wii game console determine the remote’s location by calculating the distance and angles between the Wii Remote and the two transmitters on the sensor bar. Determining the location of a Wii Remote is relatively simple because the sensor bar contains only two fixed points: the transmitters. A more complex application of triangulation occurs in a global positioning system (GPS). A GPS consists of one or more earth-based receivers that accept and analyze signals sent by satellites to determine a receiver’s geographic location. GPS receivers, found in handled navigation devices and many vehicles, use triangulation to determine their location relative to at least three geostationary satellites. According to Sanders, the geostationary satellites are the fixed points in the triangulation formula (Understanding Satellites and Global Positioning Systems). The next time you pass a surveyor, play a Nintendo Wii, or follow a route suggested by a vehicle’s navigation system, keep in mind that none of it might have been possible without the concept of triangulation. ? How to cite Can You Find Me Now, Essay examples

Fracking Is A Clean Energy Source Essay Example For Students

Fracking Is A Clean Energy Source Essay Overall, fracking might not seem that like a bad idea to some; however, by truly analyzing some of the cause and effects of fracking we can see there is a lot more than meets the eye. For instance, at first you may not really care that fracking uses so much water, until you realize that in some instances that water is being taken away from people who could use it such as in Texas or California where they have been experiencing droughts in the past years. Or when you realize that all the water they are using is being mixed with large amounts of chemicals and that it can be quite difficult if not impossible to purify the slickwater. Another thing that may come as a surprise is the fact that gasses that are harvested by fracking tends to be cleaner than what we were using previously which is one reason the government is saying that fracking is a clean energy source; however, it is still made up of nearly 75% carbon which still produces high amounts of COÂ ¬2 which is very toxic to the environment when burned. Another thing that is misleading is the fact that fracking does not necessarily pollute the ground water. Fracking chemicals really only get into the ground water when there is a leak, with this being said however, leaks are very common. Leaks are so common that around 5% will leak immediately and as time goes on the percentages only increase as time progresses, eventually reaching a failure rate of around 60% after 28 years. These percentages may seem to be kind of low at first until you realize that fracking sites are increasing by the thousands. As far as the future goes, if we continue fracking I believe that the environment will be severely damaged due to both the air and water pollutants that are being released into the air. .lfish needs before wondering how it will affect others. When we fail to take care of the important things in life we often end up depriving ourselves and others of the experience that those things could bless us with. Don’t you want you want to be able to experience the beauty of nature and the pleasantry of clean air with your grandkids one day? I feel that in order to preserve the future we are going to need to develop a renewable energy source as soon as possible because the current measures of extreme oil gathering are destroying all the beauty of nature and I am sure that if we continue on this path the methods will only become more traumatizing to the environment. But everyone does have a choice and are entitled to their own opinion, I just hope we decide to be the generation that saved the earth and not the ones who sat there as it was destroyed for profit.

A Five-Step Guide to Write My Literary Analysis Necessary Help

A Five-Step Guide to Write My Literary Analysis Necessary Help What Is a Literary Analysis Essay? A literary analysis essay is an argumentative analysis that carefully examines a piece of literature by looking at the characters of the story, theme, tone, setting as well as the plot and other literary devices used to narrate the story. It encourages a reader to think about how and why a novel, poem or play was written. Its meant to be an analysis of a key element in the literature thus you should refrain from writing a paper that explains every single point of the plot of the story. An argument can be raised by looking at the authors intentions and attempting to explain their significance or from a personal perspective in which case the original text has to defend and account for the argument to the reader. The Purpose of a Literary Analysis The purpose of a literary analysis is to demonstrate why the author used specific characters, themes, settings, imagery, etc. to persuade the reader in a story. It tries to identify an important theme and then investigates the literary devices that the author used to reveal that theme. A literary analysis also helps to develop critical thinking skills in students by challenging them to look beyond the literal meanings by dissecting the story to see how the pieces fit together. Literary Analysis vs. Reading Analysis From a general view, literal analysis delves into the why and tries to understand the obvious and hidden meanings that lurk beneath the main plot. It causes one to not only reflect on the story itself but to understand the bigger picture of history, human condition etc. Reading analysis, on the other hand, is the act of reading to extract information. 5 Steps on How to Create an Excellent Literary Analysis The process of learning how to write literary analysis can be daunting and overwhelming at first, but as you gain more practice with this kind of thinking, you can craft a method that works best for you. Here is a guide that outlines everything you need to know to write a good literary analysis. Step One: Choose and focus the topic First, you need to read the work thoroughly and ensure you understand the plot of the play, poem or novel and who the characters are. An analysis is only possible when you have a clear understanding of the story. Always pick a topic that interests you as it is easier to start off with something you enjoy. Brainstorm a list of potential topics (themes) by asking yourself questions like, what was striking in the text? Why did the author write this? How are characters developed? How are the literary devices used? and try to look for connections and patterns by mapping out the different aspects of the chosen element. Step Two: Gather Evidence Its important for students to research the topic before or text before writing. Collect enough material to help you answer or support your question. Step Three: Introduction The introduction makes the first impression on a reader so its essential that you bring it out in a clear and concise manner. A good introduction to a literary analysis essay should provide relevant information about a particular aspect of a work of literature and orientate the reader to what will follow. The introduction must, therefore, include a hook, author, title, main characters, short summary and thesis. A thesis appears as the last sentence in the first paragraph and will mainly allude to the three main points you wish to address in the main body of the essay. Here is an example of a good thesis statement for literary analysis. In a Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens demonstrates the process by which an unfruitful and wasted life can be redeemed. Sidney Cartons intense love for Lucie Manette transforms him from a hopeless man into a hero and star whose life and death bring so much meaning. Step Four: The Body After the introduction, you will move towards the body of your essay where you present the paragraphs ( usually three paragraphs for a 500-750 word essay) that support your thesis statement. Each paragraph in the body should include a topic sentence, textual evidence(paraphrase or quotation), commentary/explanation and a concluding sentence. Step Five: Conclusion This is the last paragraph in your essay which should reflect how your essay topic relates to the book as a whole. You will need to summarize all that you have discussed in the essay without introducing any new ideas. Formatting a Literary Analysis Literary analysis papers are generally written using MLA citation style formatting guidelines unless specified otherwise by your professor. Writing literary analysis is often a time-consuming activity that requires a lot of research and skill. With the use of our writing services, you will not only receive quality literary analysis essays even on the most challenging topics, but you will create a more professional piece that depicts you as one with a deep understanding of literature. Get an expert writing assistance today and leave your worries behind.

The Benefits of a Postgraduate Year

The Benefits of a Postgraduate Year While many students have discovered the benefits of a gap year between high school and college, some students choose to take a postgraduate or PG year after graduating from high school. Students can take advantage of this year-long program at their own private school or at another school. Many students attend a boarding school just for their postgraduate year, as boarding school allows these students to experience life away from home while still having the requisite structure and guidance from teachers and advisors. While the PG year has been traditionally known to support boys, an increasing number of girls are taking advantage of this important program. Here are some reasons students can benefit from a PG year at private school: Greater maturity It’s not news that students at both public and private four-year colleges are taking longer than ever to graduate from college. In fact, according to the ACT, only about half of all students graduate from four-year colleges within five years. In addition, also according to the ACT, about one-quarter of students at four-year colleges drop out and don’t return to school. Part of the reason for this high drop-out rate is that students don’t arrive on campus ready for independent college life. A PG year allows students to develop maturity by living on their own in a structured environment. While students at boarding schools must advocate for themselves and take responsibility for their work without their parents’ constant guidance, they have advisors and teachers who help them structure their time and who help them when needed. Better chances for college acceptance. While parents are often afraid that students who defer going to college for a year are fated never to go, the colleges themselves prefer to accept students after a so-called â€Å"gap year.† Colleges find that students who travel or work before college are more committed and focused when they arrive on campus. While a PG year isn’t technically the same as a gap year, it can also help students have an additional year of experience, and it can help them be more attractive to colleges. Many private schools offer PG programs that allow students opportunities to play sports, travel, and even participate in internships, all of which can greatly increase a students chances of getting into the college of their choice. Better academic skills. Many students who go on to be great college students simply don’t come into their own until later in high school. The later developmental curve tends to be particularly true of boys. They simply need one more year to build their academic skills when their minds are better able to learn and improve. Students who have learning disabilities may derive particular benefit from a PG year, as they may need time to assimilate new skills and improve their ability to advocate for themselves before confronting the independent world of college. A PG year at a boarding school will allow these types of students the ability to advocate for themselves in the supportive world of a high school, in which there are deans and teachers looking out for them, before being expected to do most of this work completely on their own in college.   Ability to build one’s athletic profile. Some students take a PG year so that they can add luster to their athletic profile before applying to college. For example, they may attend a boarding school known for excellence in a particular sport before applying to college to play that sport. Some boarding schools not only have better teams, but they also tend to attract the attention of college sports scouts. The extra year of school and training can also help players improve their strength, agility, and overall mastery of the sport. Private schools offer qualified college counselors who can help with the college search, too.   Access to better college counseling. Students who take a PG year may also enjoy access to better college counseling, particularly if they take their gap year at a top boarding school. A student applying to college from these types of boarding schools will benefit from the school’s experience and long record of admissions to competitive colleges, and the resources at these schools may be better than what the student had at his or her previous high school. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Analyze the nature and function of family in the following two works, Essay

Analyze the nature and function of family in the following two works, Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice - Essay Example It is not surprising that the world captured in Pride and Prejudice and Jane Eyre reflect some of the dynamics of these economic and social upheavals as they rippled through the country and restructured families as well as individuals. In both the real world and the fictional worlds of these novels, new roles also meant changes in the rigid system of manners that had typified the upper classes. This is reflected in the books as well since wealthy merchants and sailors began to afford the properties of the decadent rich who began losing their former status because of their traditional idle lifestyles (Priestley 60). Both Austen and Bronte introduce women who are thinking, feeling and reasonable people, planting the early seeds for the future feminist movements in characters such as Elizabeth Bennett in Pride and Prejudice and Jane Eyre in the novel bearing her name. In both books, the nature and function of family is seen to be changing in the face of these changed female characters, yet they still play a significant role in the ability of these women to achieve their dreams. In the Victorian world, it is clear that one of a daughter’s principle responsibilities in life is to take care of her family in any way she can. This referred both to her family in terms of parents and siblings as well as her family in terms of husband and children. This frequently translated to making a strategic marriage that would provide the family with financial well-being into the future. This was because women were still significantly restricted in their abilities to earn a living. The young woman's personal feelings toward the man were rarely considered a sufficient reason to refuse any offer proposed. This concept is shown in Pride and Prejudice in the form of Charlotte Lucas’ decision to marry Mr. Collins. She accepts his proposal as a last act of desperation to secure the monetary security she needs to remove the burden from her parents rather than because she harb ors any hope for a true emotional attachment. She reflects that "marriage was the only provision for well-educated young women of small fortune, and however uncertain of giving happiness, must be the pleasantest preservative from want" (65). However, Elizabeth operates under a new worldview in which the individual, son or daughter, has a right to expect some compatibility with the person they marry and to assess for themselves whether the match is appropriate (Bald 42). Despite the tremendous pressure her mother puts on her to accept Mr. Collins, placing the entire family's future welfare on her shoulders, Elizabeth cannot even think of considering a marriage in which happiness and true affection are not present. She gains this strength through the quiet but firm support of her father who believes her mind is as capable as his own. While her end goal remains to find a husband, Elizabeth has established her ground rules as first being someone who will respect her independent nature a nd permit her the flexibility to exercise it. She has the confidence to pursue this path because she knows she has the love and support of at least some of her family behind her. Many of these same pressures fall on the shoulders of Jane Eyre as she is expected to subsume her own personality to the benefit and wishes of her aunt after having been orphaned and left penniless. She has no independent income that might